The Fall Of Juliet Mac OS

The I/O Kit is a collection of system frameworks, libraries, tools, and other resources for creating device drivers in OS X. It is based on an object-oriented programming model implemented in a restricted form of C++ that omits features unsuitable for use within a multithreaded kernel. By modeling the hardware connected to an OS X system and abstracting common functionality for devices in particular categories, the I/O Kit streamlines the process of device-driver development.

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This chapter talks about the inherent capabilities of the I/O Kit (and of the drivers developed with it), about the decisions informing its design, and about the I/O Kit when considered as a product. It also offers some caveats and guidelines for those considering developing kernel software such as device drivers.

Before You Begin

You might have developed device drivers for other platforms—Mac OS 9, perhaps, or BSD or another flavor of UNIX. One thing you'll discover reading this document is how different the approach is with the I/O Kit. Although writing drivers for OS X requires new ways of thinking and different ways of programming, you are amply rewarded for shifting to this new approach. The I/O Kit simplifies driver development and supports many categories of devices. Once you get the basics of the I/O Kit down, you'll find it a relatively easy and efficient matter to create device drivers.

Before you attempt driver development with the I/O Kit, Apple highly recommends certain prerequisites. Because the framework uses an object-oriented programming model, which is implemented in a restricted subset of C++, it helps to know C++ or object-oriented concepts in general. Also, device drivers are not the same thing as applications because, being kernel-resident, they must abide by more restrictive rules. Knowledge of kernel programming is therefore very useful.

Indeed, programming in the kernel is discouraged except when it is absolutely necessary. Many alternatives for communicating with hardware and networks exist at higher levels of the system, including the 'device interface' feature of the I/O Kit described in Controlling Devices From Outside the Kernel See Should You Program in the Kernel? for more on alternatives to kernel programming.

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I/O Kit Features

From its inception, the fundamental goal for the I/O Kit has been to accommodate and augment native features and capabilities of OS X, particularly those of the kernel environment. As the driver model for OS X, the I/O Kit supports the following features:

• Dynamic and automatic device configuration (plug-and-play)

• Many new types of devices, including graphics acceleration and multimedia devices

• Power management (for example, 'sleep' mode)

• The kernel's enforcement of protected memory—separate address spaces for kernel and user programs

• Preemptive multitasking

• Symmetric multiprocessing

• Common abstractions shared between types of devices

• Enhanced development experience—new drivers should be easy to write

The I/O Kit supports these kernel features with its new model for device drivers and adds some additional features:

• An object-oriented framework implementing common behavior shared among all drivers and types (families) of drivers

• Many families for developers to build upon

• Threading, communication, and>

Using Static Constructors in an I/O Kit Driver

In OS X v10.4, GCC 4.0 is the default compiler for all new projects, including I/O Kit drivers. This section describes a particular difference between GCC 3.3 and GCC 4.0 that may affect the compatibility of your in-kernel driver between OS X v10.3.x and OS X v10.4.x. For more information on the differences between GCC 3.3 (the default compiler in OS X v10.3) and GCC 4.0, including porting guidance, see GCC Porting Guide.

If you perform static construction within a function in a C++ I/O Kit driver (or other KEXT) compiled with GCC 3.3 or earlier, be aware that the same KEXT compiled with GCC 4.0 will no longer load successfully. This is because GCC 4.0 is more strict about taking and releasing locks in the kernel environment. If you perform in-function static construction in your I/O Kit driver compiled with GCC 4.0, you will probably see the following error when you try to load it:

The solution to this problem is simple: move the static constructor to a global namespace. For example, suppose that your I/O Kit driver includes an in-function static construction, such as in the code shown below:

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You can avoid loading errors by changing this code to avoid in-function static construction, as in the code shown below:

Note that you may be able to avoid the load errors associated with in-function static construction without changing your code if you compile your KEXT with GCC 4.0 using the -fno-threadsafe-statics compiler option, but this may lead to other problems. Specifically, unless you can guarantee thread safety in other ways, compiling your KEXT with this option may break your code.

The Parts of the I/O Kit

Physically and electronically, the I/O Kit is composed of many parts: frameworks and libraries, development and testing tools, and informational resources such as example projects, documentation, and header files. This section catalogs these parts and indicates where they are installed and how they can be accessed.

Frameworks and Libraries

The I/O Kit is based on three C++ libraries. All of them are packaged in frameworks, but only IOKit.framework is a true framework. The Kernel framework exists primarily to expose kernel header files, including those of libkern and IOKit. The code of these 'libraries' is actually built into the kernel; however, drivers (when loaded) do link against the kernel as if it were a library.

Applications and Tools

You use a handful of development applications to build, manage, debug, examine, and package device drivers. Table 1-2 lists the applications used in driver development; these applications are installed in /Developer/Applications.

You cant save them all... mac os. Table 1-3 describes the command-line tools used in developing device drivers with the I/O Kit; all tools are located in /usr/sbin/ or /sbin.

Note: You can view on-line documentation of these tools (called man pages in the UNIX world) by entering a command in the shell provided by the Terminal application. The command is man, and the main argument to the man command is the name of the tool for which you want to see documentation. For example, to see the man page for the kextload tool, enter the following line in Terminal:

man kextload

Other I/O Kit Resources

Several informational resources are included with the I/O Kit 'product,' particularly documentation and header files. Some of these resources are described in the preceding chapter, Introduction to I/O Kit Fundamentals

The I/O Kit is part of the Darwin Open Source project. Apple maintains a website where you can find much information related to the I/O Kit and other Open Source projects managed by Apple. The following two locations are of particular interest:

• Open Source Projects—http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/

  Here you can find links to the Darwin and Darwin Streaming projects, among other projects. Also featured are links to documentation and tools.

• Mailing lists—http://developer.apple.com/darwin/mail.html

  This page features links that will put you on the Darwin-Development and DarwinOS-Users mailing lists, among others.

Should You Program in the Kernel?

If you are thinking of writing code for the kernel environment, think carefully. Programming in the kernel can be a difficult and dangerous task. And often there is a way to accomplish what you want to do without touching the kernel.

Software that resides in the kernel tends to be expensive. Kernel code is 'wired' into physical memory and thus cannot be paged out by the virtual memory system. As more code is put into the kernel, less physical memory is available to user-space processes. Consequently, paging activity will probably intensify, thereby degrading system performance.

Kernel code is also inherently destabilizing, much more so than application code. The kernel environment is a single process, and this means that there is no memory protection between your driver and anything else in the kernel. Access memory in the wrong place and the entire system can grind to a halt, a victim of a kernel panic.

Moreover, because kernel code usually provides services to numerous user-space clients, any inefficiencies in the code can be propagated to those clients, thereby affecting the system globally.

Finally, kernel software is a real pain to write. There are subtleties to grapple with that are unknown in the realm of application development. And bugs in kernel code are harder to find than in user-space software.

With all this in mind, the message is clear. It is in everyone's best interest to put as little code as possible into the kernel. And any code that ends up in the kernel should be honed and rigorously tested.

When Code Should Reside in the Kernel

A handful of situations warrant loading a driver or extension into the kernel environment:

• The software is used by the kernel environment itself.

• User-space programs will frequently use the software.

• The software needs to respond directly to primary interrupts (those delivered by the CPU's interrupt controller).

If the software you are writing does not match any of these criteria, it probably doesn't belong in the kernel. If your software is a driver for a disk, a network controller, or a keyboard, it should reside in the kernel. If it is an extension to the file system, it should live in the kernel. If, on the other hand, it is used only now and then by a single user-space program, it should be loaded by the program and reside within it. Drivers for printers and scanners fall into this latter category.

Alternatives to Kernel-Resident Code

Apple provides a number of technologies that might let you accomplish what you want to do and stay out of the kernel. First are the higher-level APIs that give you some hardware-level access. For example, Open Transport is a powerful resource for many networking capabilities, and Quartz Compositor enables you to do some fairly low-level things with the graphics subsystem.

Second, and just as important, is the device-interface technology of the I/O Kit framework. Through a plug-in architecture, this technology makes it possible for your application to interact with the kernel to access hardware. In addition, you can—with a little help from the I/O Kit—use POSIX APIs to access serial, storage, or network devices. See Controlling Devices From Outside the Kernel for a summary of device interfaces and see the documentAccessing Hardware From Applications for a full discussion of this technology.

Note: Objective-C does not provide device-level I/O services. However, in your Cocoa application, you can call the C APIs for device-level functionality that the I/O Kit and BSD provide. Note that you can view the man pages that document BSD and POSIX functions and tools at OS X Man Pages.

Copyright © 2001, 2014 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Updated: 2014-04-09

Tips on 10.4 Tiger, 10.5 Leopard, 10.6 Snow Leopard, 10.7 Lion, 10.8 Mountain Lion,10.9 Mavericks,10.10 Yosemite,10.11 El Capitanand 10.12 Sierra-11.0 Big Sur.

This is part of a series of tips of updating to Mac OS X 10.2 through Mac OS 11.0 Client. Server versions of Mac OS X are better handled by asking questions in the Server forum. 10.2 & 10.3 are not mentioned above since they can't be upgraded to 10.6 or later. Some 10.8 prebundled Macs can be upgraded to 10.12 and then to Catalina.

Only the MacBook Air 6,1 (as the system profiler reports the Machine ID) shipped with 10.8.4 and is compatible with Big Sur. All other Mac shipped with Mavericks or Yosemite that are Big Sur compatible.

Before updating to 10.7 or later from 10.6.8 or earlier, please read this tip:

Note, some downloads from Apple do not work in Safari for earlier Mac OSes, see this tip if you find you can't download them anymore, to find a browser that will work.

10.9, and 10.10 are no longer available, unless it was preinstalled on your Mac or you purchased it prior on the Apple Store. Some people whom no longer have need for either operating system may find they can transfer their license to someone else who does need it and have the compatibility needs of the links above. Note, if your Mac came with 10.6.8 or earlier installed and is compatible with 10.8, you can install 10.6.8 and then 10.11. Unfortunately you have to request the App Store make 10.11 available if you require it, and are not compatible with 10.12 or 10.13. 10.7.5 and higher users can upgrade to 10.12. 10.8.4 released Macbook Airs are the oldest Macs that can upgrade to Big Sur Mac OS 11.0.

For info on what 10.13 is compatible with, visit this tip:

See this tip to find your Mac model's age:

Backing up your data at least twice is essential. A clone backup, explained in the 'backing up' link in the prior sentence, prior to upgrading to Lion will ensure you are able to backstep to Lion in event you don't have a USB Flash drive copy of Lion.

Apple announced Mountain Lion's availability, July 25, 2012.

iOS 9.2 and iOS 9.2.1 require Mac OS X 10.8 and iTunes 12.3 (newer versions of iOS require newer Mac OS X for syncing, and are covered in that link) for syncing on the Macintosh side.

Apple has released 10.8.1,10.8.2 , the supplemental update to 10.8.2, 10.8.3, 10.8.4, 10.8.5, Security Update 2014-003 (Mountain Lion) and 10.9 (Mavericks) as updates to Mountain Lion.

For the latest security updates see http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1222

and searching for the newer one together with the text

support.apple.com DL

will get newer download links.

Mavericks is mentioned on this same line, as the Apple hardware requirements are the same, though the compatibility for Mavericks for third party devices may differ. 10.8 is now (as of January 10, 2014) available directly from the http://store.apple.com/us/product/D6377/os-x-mountain-lion link in the United States (the /us/ in the link may be changed for the standard standard two letter country code matching the store link), although realize that 10.9 is free and has the same Apple hardware requirements as 10.8, though some software may only run on 10.8. If you have difficulty downloading 10.8, go the App Store support. The App Store support may be able to help you restore 10.8 to its factory condition and make it available on internet restore, which happens with a command-R boot. For Macs newer than 10.8's release of July 25, 2012 (Mac Minis older than October 23, 2012 would not fall under this, since their hardware was not modified until that date), but older than 10.9's release of October 22, 2013, contacting AppleCare http://www.apple.com/contact/phone_contacts.html may be needed to add it to internet restore. Macs that were prebundled with 10.6.8 or earlier can't use the command-R boot without a firmware update:

Some issues exist with WiFi on 10.8.5 for some machines. At this point the reason is unknown, and sometimes it takes connecting to ethernet

and then back to WiFi to fix. Note, if your machine is 4 years or older, be sure to have your PRAM battery checked. This battery is separate from the battery that lets you work off the power lines. If it is under 4 years old, frequently such issues can be resolved with the PRAM being reset. Be sure

to report to Apple Store, or http://www.apple.com/feedback/ any issues you have. If you want to go through a formal way, submit a bug reportafter signing for

an online developer account.

Front row is no longer present with Lion or Mountain Lion. However, some have found a way to get it to work with both.

If you have issues with the download after reading the rest of this tip, please contact the Mac App Store form or e-mail, to ensure you don't get double billed

when you redownload Mountain Lion. Also you will probably have to contact them if you can't find the link on the store when going to this U.S. store download link (adjust the link according to your country when you enter the store website). It is 4.05 GB which works out to 4147.2 MB, which at 7Mbps or .875 MBps would take 1 hour 19 minutes. At 1.5 Mbps that would take 6 hours and 8 minutes. At 768 kbps that would take 12 hours and 16 minutes. And that's assuming the traffic at Apple trying to download it isn't overwhelming the servers, and you have a dedicated connection at those speeds. After the download completes, the installer takes 3 minutes before rebooting itself, and 33 minutes after rebooting to complete the installation on an iMac 11,2. Times may vary by speed of the hard drive, connected peripherals (preferably none), available disc space, and available RAM. Unlike Lion, before the installer begins, it leaves behind a distinct 4.3 GB installer file you can drag to any backup you need before beginning with the 36+ minute installation process.

http://roaringapps.com/apps?platform=osxoffers a third party table for software compatibility. Ignore the El Capitan compatibility, as that has not been released yet. https://discussions.apple.com/docs/DOC-6271 should be

read before updating from 10.6.8 or earlier. RAW photo support for 10.7 is different from 10.8, but here is the 10.8 support link:

Mountain Lion, Mac OS X 10.8 has many of the same requirements as Lion, except those listed below:

Brother has a table that lists which Faxes work with 10.8.

Canon has released new Fax software for 10.8 and some of their printers.

Epson has a table that includes some printers as listed as Fax compatible.

HP website says the HP Fax driver ships with some of their printers, but is not specific as to which ones.

The USR 5637 modem has plug and play FAX compatibility with Mac OS X 10.4 to 10.8. FAX compatibility is one of the options available through the Print dialog together with the PDF save options in Mac OS X.

Apple has a listing of printer and scanner drivers for 10.6 through 10.9:

Any not listed, will have to come from the vendor directly.

Apple provides updates to the printers on that link through these links by vendor:

HP, Ricoh, Canon, Epson, Brother,Lexmark, Samsung, and Fuji/Xerox

The major third party Fax software vendors for Fax machines stopped supporting Mac OS X as of 10.8 on some, and 10.7 on others.

4-Sight-Fax supported 10.7, but not 10.8.

Now discontinued, Smileyourmac's PageSender stopped supporting Mac OS X after 10.6.8.

Apple has the minimum system requirements for Mountain Lion, which are the same for Mavericks, Yosemite, and El Capitan, based on their annual time schedule of model releases on http://www.apple.com/osx/specs/

Below are others means of identifying the compatibility if you completely read this tip.

At this point several places on the Net already are claiming Mountain Lion compatibility for certain software or hardware that is non-Apple.

Any announcements of Mountain Lion compatibility prior to July 25, 2012 should be treated with skepticism, and tested on a backed up system

prior to updating those entries on the Net and getting Mountain Lion either from an authorized reseller or Apple. Note: at the point of writing this

tip, no USB Flash drive is available for Mountain Lion, and it can only be gotten from Apple Mac App Store. Stay tuned!

Macs sold with different hardware in the same model name on or after July 25, 2012, may not be able to run Lion, or earlier versions of Mac OS X,

though are still able to run Windows. An older Mac may be needed to run software not yet tested with Mountain Lion. See below for resources on telling a Mac's age. Solutions for running Snow Leopardmay still work.

Someone who does not have the serial number of their machine due to a logicboard replacement,

or other is desiring to purchase an older machine and wanting to know about Mountain Lion's compatibility,

will benefit by the following. The model identifier, also known as Machine ID, can be found in Apple menu -> About This Mac -> System Information or More info. The following Macs with 10.6.8 or later, 2GB of RAM, and 8 GB of hard space (presumably an additional 15% of free hard disk space will be beneficial as has always arbitrarily been found in the past) are able to upgrade to Mac OS X 10.8:

iMac 7,1 and later

MacBook 5,1 and later

MacBook Pro 3,1 and later

MacBook Air 2,1 and later

Mac Mini 3,1 and later.

Mac Pro 1,x and 2,x have two solutions in link 1 and link 2. 3,1 and later have built-in official support.

The link to get older Mac Pros to run 10.8 has been objected to by some as doing something not allowed. It does stretch the limits of

what is possible even under the license agreement, but as long as you keep the one copy of 10.8 you buy and do not distribute it to anyone else,

you have satisfied the requirements of the license agreement. Mind you the cost may be more than Mac OS X Server 10.8 or 10.7 depending on the compatibility of software and how many licenses you need to get. Read the rest of the tip to determine if your software at least is ready for 10.8.

Airdrop is compatible on 10.8 systems of the following model identifier:

MacBook Pro 5,1 and later

MacBook Air 3,1 and later

MacBook 5,1 and later

iMac 9,1 and later

Mac Mini 4,1 and later

Mac Pro 4,1 and later

Airplay mirroring is compatible on 10.8 systems of the following model identifier:

Mac Mini 5,1

MacBook Air 4,1

MacBook Pro 8,1

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iMac 12,1

..Mac Pro..noticeably absent in spite of June 11, 2012's new release. If someone getting a new Mac Pro would care to comment, please feel free to.

A similar feature is available to older Macs through third party software and hardware listed on this tip.

Before updating to 10.7 or later from 10.6.8 or earlier, please read this tip:

Note, some downloads from Apple do not work in Safari for earlier Mac OSes, see this tip if you find you can't download them anymore, to find a browser that will work.

10.9, and 10.10 are no longer available, unless it was preinstalled on your Mac or you purchased it prior on the Apple Store. Some people whom no longer have need for either operating system may find they can transfer their license to someone else who does need it and have the compatibility needs of the links above. Note, if your Mac came with 10.6.8 or earlier installed and is compatible with 10.8, you can install 10.6.8 and then 10.11. Unfortunately you have to request the App Store make 10.11 available if you require it, and are not compatible with 10.12 or 10.13. 10.7.5 and higher users can upgrade to 10.12. 10.8.4 released Macbook Airs are the oldest Macs that can upgrade to Big Sur Mac OS 11.0.

For info on what 10.13 is compatible with, visit this tip:

See this tip to find your Mac model's age:

Backing up your data at least twice is essential. A clone backup, explained in the 'backing up' link in the prior sentence, prior to upgrading to Lion will ensure you are able to backstep to Lion in event you don't have a USB Flash drive copy of Lion.

Apple announced Mountain Lion's availability, July 25, 2012.

iOS 9.2 and iOS 9.2.1 require Mac OS X 10.8 and iTunes 12.3 (newer versions of iOS require newer Mac OS X for syncing, and are covered in that link) for syncing on the Macintosh side.

Apple has released 10.8.1,10.8.2 , the supplemental update to 10.8.2, 10.8.3, 10.8.4, 10.8.5, Security Update 2014-003 (Mountain Lion) and 10.9 (Mavericks) as updates to Mountain Lion.

For the latest security updates see http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1222

and searching for the newer one together with the text

support.apple.com DL

will get newer download links.

Mavericks is mentioned on this same line, as the Apple hardware requirements are the same, though the compatibility for Mavericks for third party devices may differ. 10.8 is now (as of January 10, 2014) available directly from the http://store.apple.com/us/product/D6377/os-x-mountain-lion link in the United States (the /us/ in the link may be changed for the standard standard two letter country code matching the store link), although realize that 10.9 is free and has the same Apple hardware requirements as 10.8, though some software may only run on 10.8. If you have difficulty downloading 10.8, go the App Store support. The App Store support may be able to help you restore 10.8 to its factory condition and make it available on internet restore, which happens with a command-R boot. For Macs newer than 10.8's release of July 25, 2012 (Mac Minis older than October 23, 2012 would not fall under this, since their hardware was not modified until that date), but older than 10.9's release of October 22, 2013, contacting AppleCare http://www.apple.com/contact/phone_contacts.html may be needed to add it to internet restore. Macs that were prebundled with 10.6.8 or earlier can't use the command-R boot without a firmware update:

Some issues exist with WiFi on 10.8.5 for some machines. At this point the reason is unknown, and sometimes it takes connecting to ethernet

and then back to WiFi to fix. Note, if your machine is 4 years or older, be sure to have your PRAM battery checked. This battery is separate from the battery that lets you work off the power lines. If it is under 4 years old, frequently such issues can be resolved with the PRAM being reset. Be sure

to report to Apple Store, or http://www.apple.com/feedback/ any issues you have. If you want to go through a formal way, submit a bug reportafter signing for

an online developer account.

Front row is no longer present with Lion or Mountain Lion. However, some have found a way to get it to work with both.

If you have issues with the download after reading the rest of this tip, please contact the Mac App Store form or e-mail, to ensure you don't get double billed

when you redownload Mountain Lion. Also you will probably have to contact them if you can't find the link on the store when going to this U.S. store download link (adjust the link according to your country when you enter the store website). It is 4.05 GB which works out to 4147.2 MB, which at 7Mbps or .875 MBps would take 1 hour 19 minutes. At 1.5 Mbps that would take 6 hours and 8 minutes. At 768 kbps that would take 12 hours and 16 minutes. And that's assuming the traffic at Apple trying to download it isn't overwhelming the servers, and you have a dedicated connection at those speeds. After the download completes, the installer takes 3 minutes before rebooting itself, and 33 minutes after rebooting to complete the installation on an iMac 11,2. Times may vary by speed of the hard drive, connected peripherals (preferably none), available disc space, and available RAM. Unlike Lion, before the installer begins, it leaves behind a distinct 4.3 GB installer file you can drag to any backup you need before beginning with the 36+ minute installation process.

http://roaringapps.com/apps?platform=osxoffers a third party table for software compatibility. Ignore the El Capitan compatibility, as that has not been released yet. https://discussions.apple.com/docs/DOC-6271 should be

read before updating from 10.6.8 or earlier. RAW photo support for 10.7 is different from 10.8, but here is the 10.8 support link:

Mountain Lion, Mac OS X 10.8 has many of the same requirements as Lion, except those listed below:

Brother has a table that lists which Faxes work with 10.8.

Canon has released new Fax software for 10.8 and some of their printers.

Epson has a table that includes some printers as listed as Fax compatible.

HP website says the HP Fax driver ships with some of their printers, but is not specific as to which ones.

The USR 5637 modem has plug and play FAX compatibility with Mac OS X 10.4 to 10.8. FAX compatibility is one of the options available through the Print dialog together with the PDF save options in Mac OS X.

Apple has a listing of printer and scanner drivers for 10.6 through 10.9:

Any not listed, will have to come from the vendor directly.

Apple provides updates to the printers on that link through these links by vendor:

HP, Ricoh, Canon, Epson, Brother,Lexmark, Samsung, and Fuji/Xerox

The major third party Fax software vendors for Fax machines stopped supporting Mac OS X as of 10.8 on some, and 10.7 on others.

4-Sight-Fax supported 10.7, but not 10.8.

Now discontinued, Smileyourmac's PageSender stopped supporting Mac OS X after 10.6.8.

Apple has the minimum system requirements for Mountain Lion, which are the same for Mavericks, Yosemite, and El Capitan, based on their annual time schedule of model releases on http://www.apple.com/osx/specs/

Below are others means of identifying the compatibility if you completely read this tip.

At this point several places on the Net already are claiming Mountain Lion compatibility for certain software or hardware that is non-Apple.

Any announcements of Mountain Lion compatibility prior to July 25, 2012 should be treated with skepticism, and tested on a backed up system

prior to updating those entries on the Net and getting Mountain Lion either from an authorized reseller or Apple. Note: at the point of writing this

tip, no USB Flash drive is available for Mountain Lion, and it can only be gotten from Apple Mac App Store. Stay tuned!

Macs sold with different hardware in the same model name on or after July 25, 2012, may not be able to run Lion, or earlier versions of Mac OS X,

though are still able to run Windows. An older Mac may be needed to run software not yet tested with Mountain Lion. See below for resources on telling a Mac's age. Solutions for running Snow Leopardmay still work.

Someone who does not have the serial number of their machine due to a logicboard replacement,

or other is desiring to purchase an older machine and wanting to know about Mountain Lion's compatibility,

will benefit by the following. The model identifier, also known as Machine ID, can be found in Apple menu -> About This Mac -> System Information or More info. The following Macs with 10.6.8 or later, 2GB of RAM, and 8 GB of hard space (presumably an additional 15% of free hard disk space will be beneficial as has always arbitrarily been found in the past) are able to upgrade to Mac OS X 10.8:

iMac 7,1 and later

MacBook 5,1 and later

MacBook Pro 3,1 and later

MacBook Air 2,1 and later

Mac Mini 3,1 and later.

Mac Pro 1,x and 2,x have two solutions in link 1 and link 2. 3,1 and later have built-in official support.

The link to get older Mac Pros to run 10.8 has been objected to by some as doing something not allowed. It does stretch the limits of

what is possible even under the license agreement, but as long as you keep the one copy of 10.8 you buy and do not distribute it to anyone else,

you have satisfied the requirements of the license agreement. Mind you the cost may be more than Mac OS X Server 10.8 or 10.7 depending on the compatibility of software and how many licenses you need to get. Read the rest of the tip to determine if your software at least is ready for 10.8.

Airdrop is compatible on 10.8 systems of the following model identifier:

MacBook Pro 5,1 and later

MacBook Air 3,1 and later

MacBook 5,1 and later

iMac 9,1 and later

Mac Mini 4,1 and later

Mac Pro 4,1 and later

Airplay mirroring is compatible on 10.8 systems of the following model identifier:

Mac Mini 5,1

MacBook Air 4,1

MacBook Pro 8,1

The Fall Of Juliet Mac Os Download

iMac 12,1

..Mac Pro..noticeably absent in spite of June 11, 2012's new release. If someone getting a new Mac Pro would care to comment, please feel free to.

A similar feature is available to older Macs through third party software and hardware listed on this tip.

Powernap is compatible just with these Macs:

MacBook Air 3,1

MacBook Pro 10,1 and later.

Macs whose minimum Mac OS X is 10.8 (may be able to run older versions with this hint):

MacBook Pro 10,2 or later, 10,1 Retina 2.4 Ghz, ME665LL/A EMC 2673, Retina 2.8 Ghz

Mac Mini 6,1 or later.

iMac 13,1 or later

As of 4/22/2013, no MacBook Air, nor Mac Pro could only run Mac OS X 10.8.

A very good third party resource for identifying older Macs is on EveryMac.

Tips present for Lion's release are fairly good for Mountain Lion as far as is known as of the date of this tip's posting.

Apple has a history of making Macs only compatible with the operating system available at the time of their refresh date.

10.14 Mojave is available to certain MacBook Air, Mac mini, iMac, Mac Pros and MacBook Pros which shipped with 10.8 after upgrading to 10.12 from 10.8. Note: some Mac Pros (not MacBook Pro) which shipped with 10.6, may be updated to 10.6.8 then 10.11 then to 10.14. Some MacBook Pros shipped with 10.7 that can be upgraded to Mojave after upgrading to 10.12.

Macbooks without Air or Pro next to the name need to have shipped with 10.10 or later and updated to 10.11 before installing Mojave.